哨兵2卫星综合水质指标的河流水质遥感监测方法

上海市河流水污染监测是当前研究的热点问题。针对上海市河流水质监测的需求,提出了一种基于因子分析的河流综合水质遥感反演的方法。以欧洲航空局发射的哨兵-2A(Sentinel-2A)卫星搭载的多光谱成像仪获取的遥感影像,以及准同步获取的河流断面实测水质参数数据为例,研究对象为上海市青浦区和松江区部分河道。选取高锰酸盐指数、氨氮等5项主要水质参数为监测指标,在因子分析的基础上建立水质遥感反演的模型,得到综合水质指标用于确定水质类别。实验结果表明:综合水质指标值越小,内陆河流水质状况越良好,水体更清洁。该方法能够应用于内陆河流水质遥感监测,为水环境管理部门提供参考信息。     

耦合热、动载荷的超超临界汽轮机迷宫密封动力特性

密封汽流激振严重影响超超临界汽轮机的安全运行,采用DEFINE_CG_MOTION和DEFINE_PROFILE控制宏建立转子的涡动方程,通过Workbench流固耦合方法计算热、动载荷下密封齿形变,根据快速傅里叶变化得到机组运行时的密封动力特性,并对转子稳定性进行分析。结果表明:蒸汽可导致密封齿膨胀变形,温度对密封齿长度变化影响可达1%~1.5%,压力和离心作用对其影响较小。热、动载荷使迷宫密封直接刚度减小,直接阻尼先增加后减小,交叉刚度先减小后增加,动力系数的最大变化为原来的2倍。35~55 Hz内转子稳定裕度急剧下降,转子对密封汽流激振更敏感。热、动载荷引起的压力波动集中在低频范围,密封周向压力波动可增高18.5 kPa。密封高压区的压力波幅剧增是汽流激振显著的主要原因。      

Effects of yaw-roll coupling ratio on lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics

Experimental investigation of large amplitude yaw-roll coupled oscillations was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using an aircraft configuration model. A special test rig was designed and constructed to provide different coupled motions from low to high angles of attack.A parameter ‘‘coupling ratio" was introduced to indicate the extent of yaw-roll coupling. At each pitch angle, seven coupling ratios were designed to study the yaw-roll coupling effects on the lateraldirectional aerodynamic characteristics systematically. At high angles of attack, the damping characteristics of yawing and rolling moments drastically varied with coupling ratios. In the coupled motions with the rotation taking place about the wind axis, the lateral-directional aerodynamic moments exhibited unsteady characteristics and were different from the ‘‘quasi-steady" results of the rotary balance tests. The calculated results of the traditional aerodynamic derivative method were also compared with the experimental data. At low and very high angles of attack, the aerodynamic derivative method was applicative. However, within a wide range of angles of attack, the calculated results of aerodynamic derivative method were inconsistent with the experimental data, due to the drastic changes of damping characteristics of lateral-directional aerodynamic moments with yaw-roll coupling ratios.     

过氧化氢/紫外线/臭氧氧化技术处理肼类污水的应用

采用放大试验规模（处理量1 m³/h）的H₂O₂（过氧化氢）/UV（紫外线）/O₃（臭氧）氧化技术处理肼类推进剂污水，在30.0±1.6 ℃，pH=9.0±0.2的条件下，研究肼类的过氧化氢增强光解臭氧化降解。对比不同氧化技术的协同效应以及对污水降解的影响，重点考察过氧化氢、紫外线、臭氧和初始浓度等工艺参数对降解效果的影响，对氧化技术的应用进行了优化。研究结果表明：该技术可使COD去除率提高27.66%，肼类的降解速率随着过氧化氢投加量、紫外线辐射强度、O₃投加速率和水质地提高而升高，随着初始质量浓度的提高而下降。在最佳工艺下，处理5 000 mg/L质量浓度的废水，处理60 min时，COD去除率分别为98.62%（偏二甲肼）、99.17%（甲基肼）、99.94%（肼）和93.25%（单推-3）。     

过冷水滴凝固机理及凝固组织特征

针对飞机过冷水滴结冰的精细化预测需求，基于相变热力学与相变动力学相关理论，采用示差扫描量热法（DSC）、结冰风洞试验及微结构测试相结合的方法，研究了过冷水滴凝固过程的热力学机理及凝固组织特征。基于示差扫描量热法，研究了冷却速率及形核条件对结晶凝固特性的影响规律；基于结冰风洞试验开展了不同温度条件下冰相的宏观形貌及微结构特征研究。结果表明，过冷条件及冷却速率是影响过冷水滴结晶速率及结晶完善程度的重要因素。降温速率越大，结晶速率常数增大、结晶速率相应提高。同时，结晶峰变宽，结晶初始温度向低温方向移动，过冷效应相对显著；反之亦然。过冷度及冷却速率对冰相的宏观及微观形貌均有着重要影响。过冷度越大则相同时间内冷却速率越大，晶体生长过程越不充分，晶体不规则程度相对较高，同时晶粒密度变大、尺度变小，冰相表观透明度相对降低；反之，过冷度越小，则晶粒密度变小、尺度变大，冰相表观透明度相对较高。异相形核条件对加速结晶过程有重要促进作用，晶种的存在可有效加速二次结晶的触发，使过冷效应显著减弱。相关研究可为飞机结冰速率、冰相物理特征及冰形宏观形貌的精细化预测提供参考。     

超高速机械密封副离子注入与摩擦学特性研究

超高速机械动密封需满足CZ-5运载火箭伺服系统中涡轮泵可靠性及寿命指标要求。离子注入作为重要的金属材料表面改性技术，对有效改善机械密封副旋转环表面摩擦磨损特性至关重要。在对密封动环表面离子注入可行性研究的基础上，提出了对其密封副配对摩擦磨损特性进行综合验证的试验方案。通过选取常用典型石墨与旋转金属环配副进行干磨条件下的试验测试，改变线速度、端面比压，使用摩擦磨损试验机对比分析了配对摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性，系统研究了载荷和转速对密封副配对摩擦系数的影响规律，揭示其密封摩擦学特性。通过机械密封在温度应力下的工作可靠性分析以及密封副整机稳态工作性能验证，为超高速涡轮泵的寿命与可靠性试验验证提供了一个合理的、高效费比的技术途径。     

摆线桨非定常动态失速的三维效应

对摆线桨三维全尺寸模型进行了非定常数值模拟。验证了两种嵌套网格方法的可靠性与适用性,针对二维/三维情况下摆线桨非定常涡流动特性及诱导分离特性开展了数值分析,重点研究了展向气动力随方位角的分布与全局流场的诱导速度分布,并分析了尾迹捕捉精度与涡量耗散特征。结果表明:受摆线桨切向速度、展向诱导速度等三维效应影响,两种计算结果的瞬态气动力极值差值达到44%。三维动态失速涡的产生、脱落与再附明显弱于二维翼型情况,这对于摆线桨非定常气动特性有较大影响。      

Applications of structural efficiency assessment method on structural-mechanical characteristics integrated design in aero-engines

In the design process of advanced aero-engines, it is necessary to carry out an effective analysis method between structural features and mechanical characteristics for a better structural optimization. Based on the structural composition and functions of aero-engines, the concept and contents of structural efficiency can reflect the relation between structural features and mechanical characteristics. In order to achieve the integrated design of structural and mechanical characteristics, one quantitative analysis method called Structural Efficiency Assessment Method (SEAM) was put forward. The structural efficiency coefficient was obtained by synthesizing the parameters to quantitatively evaluate the aero-engine structure design level. Parameterization method to evaluate structural design quality was realized. After analyzing the structural features of an actual dual-rotor system in typical high bypass ratio turbofan engines, the mechanical characteristics and structural efficiency coefficient were calculated. Structural efficiency coefficient of high-pressure rotor (0.43) is higher than that of low-pressure rotor (0.29), which directly shows the performance of the former is better, there is room for improvement in structural design of the low-pressure rotor. Thus the direction of structural optimization was pointed out. The applications of SEAM shows that the method is operational and effective in the evaluation and improvement of structural design.     

Effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of brush-labyrinth seals at various operating conditions

Over the last few decades, the research on the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals is not sufficient. To this end, two kinds of brush-labyrinth seals for the bristle pack element installed upstream of the labyrinth teeth named BSU and installed downstream of the labyrinth teeth called BSD were used to investigate the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals. Using the numerical model combining the porous medium model and the whirling rotor method, the rotordynamic characteristics of the BSU and BSD at various operating conditions including four kinds of pressure ratios, five kinds of inlet preswirl speeds and four kinds of rotor spinning speeds were conducted. The obtained results show that the effects of operating conditions on rotordynamic coefficients for the different seal configurations are different. The direct stiffness, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping of the BSU are lower than those of the BSD. The rotordynamic coefficients of the BSU are more insensitive to the operating conditions variation. From the perspective of the seal stability, the BSU is a better brush-labyrinth seal configuration at high pressure ratio, high positive preswirl or high rotor spinning speed conditions. While in the case of low pressure ratio, low positive preswirl or low rotor spinning speed conditions, the BSD is a better choice.     

沸腾换热在水卡式大热流传感器研制中的应用

为了实现MW级热流环境的长时间稳态测量,研制了一种新型结构的水卡式大热流传感器。该传感器采用U型水冷通道结构,基于沸腾换热理论进行换热设计,设计量程5~15 MW/m~2。在高温超声速燃气流试验台上进行了热流测试试验,实际测试量程3~25 MW/m~2。沸腾换热理论的应用可以在较小的水流速下实现MW级热防护,大大降低了设计难度。新型结构传感器相对传统的中心冲击结构换热效率更高,可实现的量程范围更大。